Teori Ekonomi Makro pengertian dalam bahasa inggris

Nama : Dionisius Hendry Gunawan

Nim    : 2015120090

Prodi  : Manajemen

Toeri Ekonomi Makro(Macro Economic)

Macroeconomic or macro-economics is the study of the overall economy. Macro-economics to explain the economic changes that affect many masyakarakat, company, and market. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze the best way to influence the targets of wisdom such as economic growth, price stability, employment and the achievement of sustainable balance sheet. Although macroeconomic an area of broad learning, there are two areas of research that characterizes this discipline: activities to learn about the causes and effects of the fluctuations in state revenue short term (business cycles), and activities to learn the determining factor of long term economic growth (increase National income).

National output is the total value of all the country's production at the authorized period. All are manufactured and sold generating revenue. Therefore, the output and income is usually considered to be similar and the two terms are often used alternately turns. Output can be measured as the sum of income, or, can be seen in terms of production and is measured as the total value of final goods and services or it could be from the sum of all value added in the country.

Macro economic output is usually measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or one of the national accounts. Economists interested in the rise in long-term outcome will study economic growth. Advances in technology, machinery and other capital accumulation, as well as better education and human capital will all lead to greater economic output in the course of time. However, the output does not always go up consistently. The business cycle can lead to a decrease in short-term output is called a recession. Economists are looking macroeconomic policy could prevent the economy plunged into recession and could eventually spur long-term growth more quickly.

A diagram using data from the US shows the relationship between economic growth and unemployment expressed by Okun's Law. These relationships demonstrate cyclical unemployment. Economic growth leads to a lower unemployment rate.

The number of unemployed in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate, ie the percentage of workers without jobs who are in the labor force. Just enter the labor force of workers who actively seek work. Retired people, pursuing education or who do not have the support for a job because the lack of employment prospects, it is not included in the labor force.

Unemployment itself can be divided into several types that are all related to the causes were different. Classical unemployment occurs when the employee's salary is too high so that employers do not dare to hire more staff, more than the existing ones. Salary could be too high because of the minimum wage or their trade union activities. Similarly, the classical unemployment, frictional unemployment occurs when there are jobs for workers but causing their time to look for the period during which the worker becomes unemployed. [3]

Structural unemployment includes several types of causes of unemployment including incompatibility between the worker's ability and capability sought by the existing work. [4] The massive unemployment can happen when an industry in transition economies and the ability of workers become unused. Structural unemployment was also quite similar to the frictional unemployment because both dwell on the problems of incompatibility of the ability of workers with jobs, but different because of structural unemployment includes also a need to increase the ability of self, not just short-term search process. [5]

Although there are several types of unemployment there is always something going however kedaaan economy at that time, unemployment siklikan occur when economic growth became stagnant. Okun's Law shows the empirical relationship between unemployment and economic growth. [6] The original version of Okun's law states that a 3% increase in economic output will lead to a 1% decrease in unemployment.

Inflasi dan Deflasi

Kenaikan harga umum disebuah ekonomi disebut dengan inflasi. Ketika harga menurun, maka terjadi deflasi. Ekonom mengukur perubahan harga ini menggunakan indeks harga. Inflasi bisa terjadi ketika suhu ekonomi menjadi terlalu panas dan tumbuh terlalu cepat. Mirip dengan ini, ekonomi yang merosot bisa mengakibatkan deflasi.

Bank Sentral yang mengatur ketersediaan uang suatu negara, selalu mencoba menghindari adanya perubahan tingkat harga menggunakan kebijakan moneter. Dengan menaikan tingkat suku bunga atau menurunkan ketersediaan uang di dalam sebuah ekonomi akan menurunkan inflasi. Inflasi bisa mengakibatkan bertambahnya ketidakpastian dan konsekuensi negatif lainnya. Deflasi bisa menurunkan keluaran ekonomi. Bank sentral akan mengusahakan stabilnya harga untuk melindungi ekonomi dari akibat negatif atas fluktuasi harga.

Perubahan di tingkat harga bisa disebabkan oleh berbagai macam faktor. Teori kuantitas uang menyatakan bahwa pergerakan tingkat harga itu berhubungan langsung dengan penawaran uang. Fluktuasi jangka pendek bisa juga berhubungan dengan faktor moneter, tetapi perubahan pada permintaan agregat dan penawaran agregat bisa juga mempengaruhi tingkat harga. Contohnya, penurunan di permintaan karena adanya resesi bisa mengakibatkan indeks harga yang rendah dan deflasi. Syok penawaran negatif, seperti krisis minyak, akan menurunkan penawaran agregat dan menyebabkan inflasi.